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A boarding house is a house (frequently a family home) in which lodgers rent one or more rooms on a nightly basis, and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months, and years. The common parts of the house are maintained, and some services, such as laundry and cleaning, may be supplied. They normally provide "room and board," that is, some meals as well as accommodation.

Lodgers legally only obtain a licence to tướng use their rooms, and not exclusive possession, so sánh the landlord retains the right of access.^[1]

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Arrangements[edit]

Formerly boarders would typically share washing, breakfast and dining facilities; in recent years it has become common for each room to tướng have its own washing and toilet facilities. Such boarding houses were often found in English seaside towns (for tourists) and college towns (for students). It was common for there to tướng be one or two elderly long-term residents. "The phrase "boardinghouse reach" [referring to tướng a diner reaching far across a dining table] comes from an important variant of khách sạn life. In boardinghouses, tenants rent rooms and the proprietor provides family-style breakfasts and evening dinners in a common dining room. Traditionally, the food was put on the table, and everyone scrambled for the best dishes. Those with a long, fast reach ate best."^[2]

Boarders can often arrange to tướng stay bed-and-breakfast (bed and breakfast only), half-board (bed, breakfast and dinner only) or full-board (bed, breakfast, lunch and dinner). Especially for families on holiday with children, boarding (particularly on a full-board basis) was an inexpensive alternative and much cheaper than vãn staying in all but the cheapest hotels.

History[edit]

Boarding houses were common in most US cities throughout the 19th century and until the 1950s.^[3] In Boston, in the 1830s, when landlords and their boarders were added up, between one-third and one-half of the city's entire population lived in a boarding house.^[3] Boarding houses ran from large, purpose-built buildings down to tướng "genteel ladies" who rented a room or two as a way of earning a little extra money.^[3] Large houses were converted to tướng boarding houses as wealthy families moved to tướng more fashionable neighborhoods.^[3] The boarders in the 19th century ran the gamut as well, from well-off businessmen to tướng poor laborers, and from single people to tướng families.^[3] In the 19th century, between 1/3 to tướng 50% of urban dwellers rented a room to tướng boarders or were boarders themselves.^[4] In Thủ đô New York in 1869, the cost of living in a boarding house ranged from $2.50 to tướng $40 a week.^[3][a] Some boarding houses attracted people with particular occupations or preferences, such as vegetarian meals.^[3]

The boarding house reinforced some social changes: it made it feasible for people to tướng move to tướng a large đô thị, and away from their families.^[3] This distance from relatives brought social anxieties and complaints that the residents of boarding houses were not respectable.^[3] Boarding out gave people the opportunity to tướng meet other residents, so sánh they promoted some social mixing.^[3] This had advantages, such as learning new ideas and new people's stories, and also disadvantages, such as occasionally meeting disreputable or dangerous people. Most boarders were men, but women found that they had limited options: a co-ed boarding house might mean meeting objectionable men, but an all-female boarding house might be – or at least be suspected of being – a brothel.^[3]

Boarding houses attracted criticism: in "1916, Walter Krumwilde, a Protestant minister, saw the rooming house or boardinghouse system [as] "spreading its trang web lượt thích a spider, stretching out its arms lượt thích an octopus to tướng catch the unwary soul."^[2] Attempts to tướng reduce boarding house availability had a gendered impact, as boarding houses were typically operated or managed by women "matrons"; closing boarding houses reduced this opportunity for women to tướng make a living from operating these houses.^[6]

Later, groups such as the Young Women's Christian Association provided heavily supervised boarding houses for young women.^[3] Boarding houses were viewed as "brick-and-mortar chastity belts" for young unmarried women, which protected them from the vices in the đô thị.^[4] The Jeanne d'Arc Residence in Chelsea, which was operated by an order of nuns, aimed to tướng provide a dwelling space for young French seamstresses and nannies.^[4] Married women who boarded with their families in boarding houses were accused of being too lazy to tướng bởi all of the washing, cooking, and cleaning necessary to tướng keep house or to tướng raise children properly.^[3] While there is an association between boarding houses and women renters, men also rented, notably the poet-authors Walt Whitman and Edgar Allan Poe.^[4]

In the decades after the 1880s, urban reformers began working on modernizing cities; their efforts to tướng create "uniformity within areas, less mixture of social classes, maximum privacy for each family, much lower mật độ trùng lặp từ khóa for many activities, buildings mix back from the street, and a permanently built order" all meant that housing for single people had to tướng be cut back or eliminated.^[2] By the early 1930s, urban reformers were typically using codes and zoning to tướng enforce "uniform and protected single-use residential district[s] of private houses", the reformers' preferred housing type.^[2] In 1936, the FHA Property Standards defined a dwelling as "any structure used principally for residential purposes", noting that "commercial rooming houses and tourist homes, sanitariums, tourist cabins, clubs, or fraternities would not be considered dwellings" as they did not have the "private kitchen and a private bath" that reformers viewed as essential in a "proper home".^[2] As a result, boarding houses became less common in the early 20th century. Another factor that reduced boarding house numbers was that improved mass transit options made it feasible for more đô thị residents to tướng live in the suburbs and work in the đô thị.^[3]

By the 1930s, boarding houses were becoming less common in most of the United States.^[3] In the 1930s and 1940s, "rooming or boarding houses had been taken for granted as respectable places for students, single workers, immigrants, and newlyweds to tướng live when they left home page or came to tướng the city".^[7] However, with the housing boom in the 1950s, middle class newcomers could increasingly afford their own homes or apartments, which meant that rooming and boarding houses were beginning to tướng be used more often by post-secondary "students, the working poor, or the unemployed".^[8] By the 1960s, rooming and boarding houses were deteriorating, as official đô thị policies tended to tướng ignore them.

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Similar concepts[edit]

The common lodging-house or flophouse usually offered a space to tướng sleep, but little else. When used for temporary purposes, this arrangement was similar to tướng a hostel. Flophouse beds may offer dormitory-style space for as little as one night at a time.

A lodging house, also known in the United States as a rooming house, may or may not offer meals.

Single room occupancy (SRO) buildings rent individual rooms to tướng residents, and have a shared bathroom; some may have a shared kitchen space for residents to tướng cook their own meals.^[3]

Dormitory accommodations for post-secondary students are similar to tướng a boarding houses when they include cafeterias.^[3]

In the 2010s, microapartments with one or two rooms rented plus access to tướng shared common spaces in the building are very similar to tướng boarding houses.^[3] WeWork, a company mostly known for its shared coworking rental spaces, is also offering shared housing arrangements in which renters get a private bedroom but share a kitchen, living room, and other common areas.

Bed and breakfast accommodation (B&B), which exists in many countries in the world (e.g. the UK, the United States, Canada, and Australia), is a specialized size of boarding house in which the guests or boarders normally stay only on a bed-and-breakfast basis, and where long-stay residence is rare.

However, some B&B accommodation is made available on a long-term basis to tướng UK local authorities who are legally obliged to tướng house persons and families for whom they have no social housing available.^{[clarification needed]} Some such boarding houses allow large groups with low incomes to tướng share overcrowded rooms, or otherwise exploit people with problems rendering them vulnerable, such as those with irregular immigration status. Such a boarding-house may well cease to tướng be attractive to tướng short-term lodgers, and the residents may remain in unsatisfactory accommodation for long periods. Much old seaside accommodation is so sánh used, since cheap flights have reduced demand for their original seasonal holiday use.

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Apart from the worldwide spread of the concept of the B&B, there are equivalents of the British boarding houses elsewhere in the world. For example, in nhật bản, minshuku are an almost exact equivalent although the normal arrangement would be the equivalent of the English half-board. In Hawaii, where the cost of living is high and incomes barely keep pace,^{[citation needed]} it is common to tướng take in lodgers (who are boarders in English terminology) that share the burden of the overall rent or mortgage payable.

In the Indian subcontinent boarders are also known as paying guests. Paying guests stay in a home page and share a room with domestic facilities. Rates are nominal and monthly charges are usually inclusive of food, bed, table and a cupboard. The rent can go higher for a room in an upscale locality with facilities lượt thích single occupancy, air conditioning and high-speed wireless mạng internet access.

Legal restrictions[edit]

In the United States, zoning has been used by neighborhoods to tướng limit or outright ban boarding houses.

In popular culture[edit]

Literature[edit]

• In Little Women, Jo March moves to tướng Thủ đô New York City to tướng pursue her literary career and lives in a boarding house where she meets a variety of boarders. She develops a relationship with one of them, Professor Bhaer.
• Sherlock Holmes lived in a boarding house at 221B Baker Street, of which the landlady Mrs. Hudson provided some domestic service.
• In Look Homeward, Angel, author Thomas Wolfe richly chronicles his life growing up in his mother's boarding house "Dixieland" in early 20th century Asheville.
• Addy Walker is a character in the American Girl historical collection her story takes place in the mid 1860s, and the majority of the books in her series feature her and her family living in a boarding house in Philadelphia.
• Mary Roberts Rinehart wrote the now-classic boarding-house mystery, The Case of Jennie Brice, in 1913.
• H. G. Wells satirized boarding houses of the Edwardian era in his novel The Dream (1924).
• E. Phillips Oppenheim mix his espionage novel, The Strange Boarders of Palace Crescent (1934) in a London boarding house.
• The climax of Patrick Hamilton's 1941 novel Hangover Square occurs in a dingy Maidenhead boarding house.
• Lynne Reid Banks's 1960 novel The L-Shaped Room is mix in a run-down boarding house.
• Ben Mears, the main character in the 1975 horror novel Salem's Lot by Stephen King, stays at Eva Miller's boarding house.
• In True Grit, the main protagonist, Mattie Ross, stays at the Monarch Boarding House where she is forced to tướng share a bed with Grandma Turner, one of the long-term residents and where a robust communal meal takes place.
• The young heroes in Horatio Alger's 19th-century rags-to-riches tales often experience life in boarding houses and single works often depict both unscrupulous and kindly boarding house proprietors as the characters make their way upward (or downward) in the world.
• In Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel The Truth, the protagonist William de Worde lives in Mrs Arcanum's Lodging House for Respectable Working Men (2000).

Films[edit]

• The 1922 film, The Light in the Dark, has a boarding house as its setting.
• The 1927 film, The Lodger, has a boarding house as its setting.
• The 1931 film, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, shows a boarding house.
• In the 1933 film, Son of Kong, Carl Denham (Robert Armstrong) stays in a boarding house.
• The 1937 film, Stage Door, has a boarding house for its setting.
• In the 1939 film, The Story of Alexander Graham Bell, Alexander Graham Bell (Don Ameche) stays in a boarding house.
• In the 1941 film, Citizen Kane, Kane's parents own a boarding house.
• In the 1942 film, Yankee Doodle Dandy, George M. Cohan (James Cagney) stays in a boarding house.
• In the 1942 film, The Magnificent Ambersons, the original ending took place in a boarding house.
• The 1945 film, The Woman in Green, shows a boarding house.
• In the 1946 film, It's a Wonderful Life, the Baileys own a boarding house.
• The 1950 film, Riding High, briefly shows a boarding house.
• In the 1950 film, Mystery Street, Mrs. Smerrling (Elsa Lanchester) owns a boarding house.
• Much of the plot in the 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still, takes place in a Washington, DC boarding house.
• In the 1952 film, The Story of Will Rogers, Will Rogers (Will Rogers Jr.) stays in a boarding house.
• In the 1957 film, The Buster Keaton Story, The Keatons stay in a boarding house.
• In The Shootist (1976), J. B. Books (John Wayne) rents a room at a Carson City, Nevada boarding house. Dying of cancer, Books wishes to tướng kết thúc his days in peace and quiet. But old enemies with scores to tướng settle converge.
• In the 1982 film Liar's Moon, Jack Duncan and Ginny Peterson run rẩy away from their parents in Texas to tướng marry each other and stay in a boarding house in Louisiana.
• The film Tales from the Crypt: Demon Knight, takes place in a boarding house. It was once a church until it was turned into a boarding house. Brayker and the residents battle the demons in this boarding house.
• Sandy Brooks and Nick Snowden the main characters in Snow lived in a boarding house.
• In Brooklyn, the main protagonist, Eilis Lacey, stays at a boarding house.
• In the 2011 animated Film From Up On Poppy Hill, the main character who's name is Umi, lives and helps her grandmother run rẩy a boarding house throughout the movie while her mother is abroad studying medicine in the USA.

Television[edit]

• A pair of puppet shows released on home page đoạn phim feature an older woman called Bubbie who runs a boarding house. Bubbie hosts her grandchildren and their friend for Hanukkah and Passover celebrations with her boarders; she takes a little time to tướng explain to tướng the young man delivering the Hanukkah groceries how a boarding house works.
• Mr Bean lives in a boarding house in the early episodes.
• Mary Richards, the main character in The Mary Tyler Moore Show, lives in a studio apartment in a Victorian boarding house.
• In the cartoon Groovie Goolies, the characters of that show reside at a boarding house called Horrible Hall that is located on Horrible Drive.
• In the 1981 CBS made-for-television horror film, Dark Night of the Scarecrow, the town’s postman, Otis P.. Hazelrigg, lives in Mrs. Bunch’s boarding house.
• The titular protagonist of the Nickelodeon television show Hey Arnold! lives in a boarding house (called "Sunset Arms") that's owned and operated by his paternal grandparents, Phillip "Phil" and Gertrude "Gertie" Shortman.
• In The Vampire Diaries, Stefan and Damon Salvatore live in the old Salvatore Boarding house when they return to tướng Mystic Falls.
• In The Andy Griffith Show, Barney Fife is a long-term resident of a boarding house run rẩy by Mrs. Mendelbright. When she catches Barney cooking in his room with a hot plate, she asks him to tướng leave.
• The South Korean television series Reply 1994 is mix in a nineties boarding house.
• In the Torchwood episode "Immortal Sins", Jack Harkness, and his companion Angelo Colasanto stay in a boarding house.

Podcasts[edit]

• Unwell: A Midwestern Gothic Mystery features a struggling boarding house run rẩy by Dot Harper.

Comics[edit]

• Many of the scenes in the comic strip Bloom County took place at the Bloom Boarding house owned by the family of main character Milo Bloom.
• Our Boarding House (1921–1984) was an American single-panel cartoon and comic strip mix in a boarding house run rẩy by the sensible Mrs. Hoople.

Board games[edit]

• In Fantasy Flight Games' board game Arkham Horror numerous encounters occur at Ma's Boarding house.

See also[edit]

• Boarding school
• List of human habitation forms
• Room and board
• Hostel
• House in multiple occupation
• Rooming house
• Single room occupancy
•  Housing portal

Notes[edit]

References[edit]